Who Pays for the NAD+ Precursor Trials? A Funding and Authorship Map

We mapped 69 human trials of NMN, NR and urolithin A and recorded who funded, supplied or wrote each one. Forty-nine of the 69 name a company as funder, supplier or author affiliation. In several papers, the conflict of interest statement says there are no competing interests while the same paper names a company as supplier or funder. This is a company white paper written by Mt. Angel Vitamins, a manufacturer in this category. It is not a peer-reviewed article.

If you're not a researcher

• Companies are involved in most of the human trials of NMN, NR and urolithin A that we found: 49 of 69 name a company as funder, supplier or author affiliation.
• Company funding or sponsorship appears in 20 trials, product supply without company funding in 16, and company-affiliated authors alone in 13.
• ChromaDex (named Niagen in some 2025 and 2026 papers) appears in 16 records, Elysium Health in 6 and Amazentis in 5.
• On function outcomes, 10 of 21 industry-linked trials were positive or mixed, against 0 of 7 unlinked trials. The unlinked group is small and mostly checked only at the abstract level, so read this as a reason to check funding lines, not as proof that funding changes results.
• A "no competing interests" line does not settle the question. In Shoji 2025 the paper declares no competing interests, and in the same section it says ChromaDex provided the study drugs and signed contracts to conduct the study.
• Full plain-English guides: the NMN monograph, the NR monograph and the urolithin A monograph.

Companies are involved in most of the human trials of NMN, NR and urolithin A that we found. Of 69 records, 49 name a company as funder, supplier or author affiliation. Company funding or sponsorship appears in 20 records, product supply alone in 16, and company-affiliated authors alone in 13. Several of the remaining 20 records name government or university funding instead.

How we searched

We ran a PubMed search on 2026-10-20 with this query: (NMN[Title/Abstract] OR "nicotinamide mononucleotide"[Title/Abstract] OR "nicotinamide riboside"[Title/Abstract] OR urolithin[Title/Abstract] OR Mitopure[Title/Abstract]) AND (Randomized Controlled Trial[pt] OR Controlled Clinical Trial[pt] OR Clinical Trial[pt]) AND 2015/01/01:2026/10/20[Date - Publication]. It returned 103 records. We kept 62 that report human interventional studies or trial protocols: 56 controlled designs (two of them post hoc or association analyses of placebo trials), 5 uncontrolled studies and 1 protocol with no results.

Two further checks covered gaps in that query. A brand-name search (Niagen, EH301, NRPT, MIB-626, Uthever, UthPeak, AMAZ-02, nicotinamide ribonucleoside, NMN-C; 2015 to 2026) returned 33 records. We screened the six that were not already in the set and added four human studies. We also checked the PubMed IDs that ClinicalTrials.gov links to each registry record, and added three results papers from that route. Some brand-name hits were not screened, so the map may still miss trials.

We searched ClinicalTrials.gov on the same day for interventional records that name the ingredient, using NMN terms (nicotinamide mononucleotide, NMN, MIB-626, NMNH, NMN-C, Uthever, UthPeak), NR terms (nicotinamide riboside, Niagen, EH301, NRPT, Basis, nicotinamide ribonucleoside) and urolithin A terms (urolithin, Mitopure, AMAZ-02). It returned 213 records. We kept 176 and excluded 37: 13 topical or cosmetic products, 16 non-ingredient records and 8 where the ingredient was not named.

Each record gets one code for its company link, read from the paper's own text. A means a company funded or sponsored the study, or company staff wrote it with company support. B means a company supplied the product or placebo and no company funding is stated. C means at least one author has a company affiliation and no company funding or supply appears in the text checked. D means the full text was read and no company link was found. E means only the abstract or PubMed record was available and no company is named. Industry-linked means A, B or C. Primary outcomes are typed as function or clinical (F), pharmacokinetic or target (P), biomarker (B), safety (S), or exploratory, feasibility, association or protocol (X). Results are Positive, Mixed, Null, or n/a where no comparison applies.

Years are PubMed publication dates. For 11 records they differ from the print year, and we use the PubMed date throughout. Company facts come from each paper's own text, as read on 2026-10-20.

Who funds, supplies and writes these trials?

Of the 69 records, 20 are coded A, 16 B, 13 C, 4 D and 16 E.

Forty-nine records are industry-linked. Thirty-three of them have a company as funder, sponsor or co-author (codes A and C). The 16 B records have a company supplying the product without paying for the study. The 16 E records could only be checked at the abstract level, so a company link there is possible and unknown.

By ingredient, the set holds 36 NR records, 20 NMN, 8 urolithin A, 4 CMA and 1 record covering NR, NMN and nicotinamide together. CMA stands for combined metabolic activators, a multi-ingredient product that includes NAD+ precursors. Timeline appears once, as the supplier of the urolithin A powder in Zhao 2024 (ref 58).

Which companies appear most often?

Counts are by publication, so one paper can name more than one company. Names are as each paper gives them.

ChromaDex supplied NR in 13 of its 16 records and funded the other three: Conze 2019 (ref 45), Martens 2018 (ref 48) and Wu 2025 (ref 64). Five of Elysium's six records are NR with pterostilbene. The sixth, Norheim 2024 (ref 30), is an NR study with Elysium employees among the authors. All five Amazentis records are urolithin A studies. Mitsubishi's three records are NMN trials, ScandiBio's three are CMA studies, and Metro International's three are MIB-626 studies, a microcrystalline form of NMN.

Do industry-linked trials report different results?

We compared the 28 controlled trials whose primary outcome is a function or clinical measure. Twenty-one are industry-linked and seven are not.

Fisher's exact test, two-sided, gives P = 0.29 for positive results alone (6 of 21 against 0 of 7) and P = 0.03 for positive or mixed results (10 of 21 against 0 of 7). The null split is the same comparison, so it carries the same P.

The direction matches the usual concern about company-sponsored research, but this sample cannot settle it. Seven comparison trials is a small base, and five of the seven unlinked trials are coded E, so we read only their abstracts. Several papers report more than one outcome, and we typed each trial by one primary outcome. Kim 2022, Yulug 2023, Remie 2020 and Zhao 2024 are examples. The positive industry-linked results include a 32-person pilot of EH301 in ALS (de la Rubia 2019), whose primary endpoint the abstract does not name, and a multi-ingredient product (Altay 2021).

Biomarker and target primaries are excluded from this comparison, because any NAD precursor raises blood NAD+. The one positive biomarker result in the set, Norheim 2024 on sputum IL-8, is left out for the same reason. A 2017 Cochrane review of trials across clinical fields (ref 70) found that industry sponsorship was associated with more favourable outcomes. That is why the funding question is worth asking, even in a set this small.

What does a conflict of interest statement tell a reader?

A conflict of interest statement records the authors' personal and financial ties. A funding or supply line records who paid for the study or provided the product, which is often a different thing. Five papers in this set declare no conflict or no competing interests, while the same paper names a company as funder or supplier:

• Kim 2022 (ref 5): "The authors declare no conflict of interest." Mitsubishi funded and supplied the study.
• Katayoshi 2023 (ref 11): "The authors declare no competing interests." A DHC research grant and DHC capsules are named.
• Shoji 2025 (ref 26): "The authors declare no competing interests." In the same section, ChromaDex provided the study drugs, NR and placebo, and Chiba University and ChromaDex signed contracts to conduct the study.
• Martens 2026 (ref 23): "The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose." Niagen (ChromaDex) supplied NR and placebo under a material transfer agreement.
• Lin 2025 (ref 29): "The authors declare no competing interests." Niagen supplied NR and placebo, and NIH funded the study.

What does the registry show?

The registry census kept 176 interventional records that name the ingredient. Of those, 107 list a university or hospital as lead sponsor, 39 a company, 12 an individual investigator, 10 a government body and 8 another institute or foundation. An industry collaborator is named in 41 records, and in 23 of them the lead sponsor is not a company. A company is lead or collaborator in 62 of the 176 (35%).

Two records show how a registry entry and the paper can differ. NCT07231848 lists Amazentis SA as sponsor of a 2025 bioavailability study of four urolithin A formulations, with 48 participants and no posted results. NCT04809974, led by Massachusetts General Hospital, is a Phase 4 randomised, quadruple-masked trial of nicotinamide riboside in long COVID. The registry lists 72 enrolled. The published paper (ref 64) reports 58 randomised and names Niagen Bioscience as a supporter.

Disclosure

Mt. Angel Vitamins is a manufacturer and seller in this category. We make our products in Mt. Angel, Oregon, and this page is a company's own review, not an outside one. The two products this page links to are the NMN + NR with Resveratrol and TMG capsules (500 mg NMN and 200 mg NR per two-capsule serving) and the Urolithin A 500 mg capsules (500 mg per capsule). Nothing on this page compares either product with another brand. The label checklist sets out what to read on any NMN or NR bottle.

What is established, what is proposed, and what would settle it

What is established. Of 69 human records, 49 name a company as funder, supplier or author affiliation. Company funding is the largest single category (20 records), and supply without company funding comes next (16). Some papers declare no competing interests while naming a company as funder or supplier (refs 5, 11, 23, 26 and 29).

What is proposed. Industry-linked function trials may report positive or mixed results more often than unlinked ones (10 of 21 against 0 of 7, P = 0.03). The unlinked group is too small and too little checked to be sure.

What would settle it. Full-text checks of the 16 abstract-only records, which could move trials into or out of the industry-linked group. A registered set of function trials with funding and supply stated in the same section, compared by outcome. And a journal rule that puts supply and funding in the conflict of interest statement.

Limits of this map

• The set holds 69 records, and 28 controlled trials measure function. That is too few to show how funding changes results.
• The unlinked comparison group has seven trials, and five of them are coded E from the abstract alone.
• We typed each trial by one primary outcome. Papers with several outcomes, and one pilot with no named primary endpoint, required a judgement.
• CMA products contain several ingredients, so they are counted alongside the single-ingredient trials.
• The PubMed search depends on title and abstract terms and on trial tags. Some brand-name hits were not screened, so trials may be missing.
• Company statements reflect each paper's text as read on 2026-10-20. Companies change names and relationships over time.
• This is a company's own map, not a systematic review.

Full study table

Each row is one record. The number matches the reference number in the list below.

Glossary

• NAD+: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme cells use in energy production, which sirtuin and PARP enzymes consume as they work.
• NMN: nicotinamide mononucleotide, a compound one step from NAD+ inside the cell.
• NR: nicotinamide riboside, a form of vitamin B3 that cells convert to NMN and then to NAD+.
• Urolithin A: a compound some gut bacteria make from ellagitannins in pomegranates, walnuts and berries.
• Pterostilbene: a plant compound paired with NR in some studies and products (NRPT and EH301).
• Pilot trial: a small early study, used to test feasibility and to shape a larger trial.
• Crossover trial: a design in which each participant takes the active product and the placebo in turn.
• Placebo lead-in: a period on placebo before randomisation or before the active phase begins.
• Conflict of interest statement: the section where authors declare personal or financial ties.
• Funding statement: the section naming who paid for the study.
• Primary outcome: the endpoint a trial was designed to test.
• Biomarker: a measurable sign of a biological process, such as blood NAD+.
• Fisher's exact test: a test of whether two groups differ in how often an outcome occurs, suited to small counts.
• Mitophagy: the process by which cells break down and recycle worn-out mitochondria.

References

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18. Wakabayashi et al. Sublingual NMN administration increases early circulating terminal catabolites 2PY and 4PY compared with oral administration in healthy adult men. Sci Rep. 2026. doi:10.1038/s41598-026-57552-9. PubMed

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21. Yulug et al. Multi-omics characterization of improved cognitive functions in Parkinson's disease patients after the combined metabolic activator treatment: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled phase II trial. Brain Commun. 2025. doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcae478. PubMed

22. Li et al. The acute effect of different NAD+ precursors included in the combined metabolic activators. Free Radic Biol Med. 2023. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.05.032. PubMed

23. Martens et al. A phase-II randomized controlled pilot study of nicotinamide riboside supplementation in older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Alzheimers Dement. 2026. doi:10.1002/alz.71605. PubMed

24. Han et al. NAD+ augmentation by nicotinamide riboside engages SLIT2/ROBO1 signaling to attenuate Th17 inflammation in psoriasis. JCI Insight. 2026. doi:10.1172/jci.insight.203826. PubMed

25. Holmes et al. Nicotinamide riboside and pterostilbene reduces frequency and severity of undesirable symptoms of the menopause transition: an open-label, pilot clinical trial. Front Aging. 2026. doi:10.3389/fragi.2026.1773667. PubMed

26. Shoji et al. Nicotinamide Riboside Supplementation Benefits in Patients With Werner Syndrome: A Double-Blind Randomized Crossover Placebo-Controlled Trial. Aging Cell. 2025. doi:10.1111/acel.70093. PubMed

27. Szarvas et al. Effects of NAD+ supplementation with oral nicotinamide riboside on vascular health and cognitive function in older adults with peripheral artery disease: Results from a pilot 4-week open-label clinical trial. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jpet.2025.103607. PubMed

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30. Norheim et al. Effect of nicotinamide riboside on airway inflammation in COPD: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Nat Aging. 2024. doi:10.1038/s43587-024-00758-1. PubMed

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41. Simic et al. Nicotinamide riboside with pterostilbene (NRPT) increases NAD+ in patients with acute kidney injury (AKI): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, stepwise safety study of escalating doses of NRPT in patients with AKI. BMC Nephrol. 2020. doi:10.1186/s12882-020-02006-1. PubMed

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43. Dollerup et al. Effects of Nicotinamide Riboside on Endocrine Pancreatic Function and Incretin Hormones in Nondiabetic Men With Obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019. doi:10.1210/jc.2019-01081. PubMed

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45. Conze et al. Safety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults. Sci Rep. 2019. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-46120-z. PubMed

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Next reads

• The NMN monograph: the ingredient guide, with the human NMN studies and where their evidence stops.
• Our buying guide to NMN and NR supplements: how to compare labels and dose per serving before you buy.
• The NAD+ longevity complete guide: the pillar on NAD+, the precursors that raise it, and the evidence behind them.

Related reading

• NAD+ precursor trials that found nothing
• The NMN US legal status timeline
• The NAD+ precursor trial registry, 2026

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